Method and device for low-energy termination of atrial tachyarrhythmias

ABSTRACT

Methods for treating atrial arrhythmias can involve configuring an implantable arrhythmia treatment device. A device can be configured after implantation when the patient is fully conscious and after any pain suppression medication has worn off. The device is caused to apply a phased unpinning far field therapy to the patient in response to detection of an arrhythmia via a far field configuration of electrodes. An indication of a pain sensation of the patient and the effectiveness of the treatment in response to the therapy can then be received. In response, at least one of a set of therapy parameters is adjusted and the steps are repeated until it is determined that an effective treatment is provide at a pain sensation that is tolerable to the patient. The device is then programmed to automatically treat arrhythmias detected in the patient with the determined set of therapy parameters.

RELATED APPLICATIONS

The present application claims the benefit of U.S. Provisional Application No. 61/012,861, filed Dec. 11, 2007, which is incorporated herein by reference.

FIELD

The present disclosure relates generally to the treatment of atrial arrhythmias, such as atrial fibrillation (“AF”) and atrial flutter (“AFl”). More particularly, the present disclosure relates to devices and methods of using low-energy electrical stimuli from an implantable device that delivers phased unpinning far-field therapy to destabilize and terminate reentry mechanisms that maintain AF and AFl.

BACKGROUND

Atrial tachyarrhythmias are the most common atrial arrhythmia, presently estimated to affect approximately 2.3 million Americans. There are two primary forms of atrial tachyarrhythmias, AF and AFl, with relative occurrence in their chronic forms of about 10:1, respectively. Current projections suggest that by the year 2050, between about twelve and about fifteen million Americans will suffer from AF. The enormity of the problem is magnified by its well-described clinical consequences: thromboembolic stroke, congestive heart failure (“CHF”), cognitive dysfunction, and possibly increased mortality.

Many different factors can promote the initiation and maintenance of AF and AFl. Several cardiac disorders can predispose patients to AF, including coronary artery disease, pericarditis, mitral valve disease, congenital heart disease, CHF, thyrotoxic heart disease, and hypertension. Many of these are thought to promote AF by increasing atrial pressure and/or causing atrial dilation. AF also occurs in individuals without any evidence of heart or systemic disease, a condition known as “lone AF,” which primarily involves the autonomic nervous system.

Both AF and AFl are maintained by a reentry mechanism. Specifically, atrial tissue continually excites itself, creating reentrant, i.e. circular or tornado-like patterns of excitation. AFl is generally defined as a macro-reentrant circuit, which can rotate around a functional or anatomic line of block. Major anatomical structures are usually involved in defining one or several simultaneous reentry circuit(s), including the region between superior and inferior venae cavae in the right atrium, and the pulmonary vein region in the left atrium. If the cycle length (“CL”) of the reentry remains relatively long, one-to-one conduction can remain throughout the entire atria and AFl can be observed. However, if the CLs of reentry circuits are sufficiently short, waves of excitation produced by the reentrant circuit break up in the surrounding atrial tissue and AF can ensue. The morphology of electrograms during AFl or AF depends on the anatomic location and frequency of reentrant circuits that cause the arrhythmia.

There are clear interactions between AF and AFl. AFl is defined as the presence of a single, constant, and stable reentrant circuit. AF, on the other hand, can be due to random activation in which multiple reentrant wavelets of the leading circle type (mother rotor) continuously circulate in directions determined by local excitability, refractoriness, and anatomical structure. AF can be converted to AFl, and vice versa, spontaneously or as a result of an intervention, such as drug administration, DC cardioversion, or atrial pacing.

AF is the most prevalent clinical arrhythmia in the world and, with an aging population, has the potential of becoming an increasing cause of morbidity and mortality. Although several options for pharmaceutical treatment exist, for some patients, particularly those with paroxysmal AF, drug therapy can be ineffective. In addition, anti-arrhythmic drugs can have serious pro-arrhythmic side effects. Therefore, non-pharmacologic treatments of AF are needed.

One alternative to pharmacological treatment of AF is a cardiac ablation procedure. While there have been many advances in ablative techniques, these procedures are not without risks. Such risks can include cardiac perforation, esophageal injury, embolism, phrenic nerve injury, and pulmonary vein stenosis. There are also implantable devices currently on the market for the treatment of atrial tachyarrhythmias. Some of these devices apply near-field overdrive pacing, also known as antitachycardia pacing (“ATP”); conventional high-energy far field defibrillation shocks; or a combination thereof. ATP works by delivering a burst of pacing stimuli at an empirically chosen frequency at a single pacing site in order to stimulate the excitable gap of a reentrant circuit, disrupting and terminating the circuit. Although ATP can be effective for slower AFls, the effectiveness of ATP can diminish for CLs below about two hundred milliseconds (“ms”) and can be ineffective for faster AFl and AF. ATP failure can occur when the pacing lead is located at a distance from the reentrant circuit and the pacing-induced wavefront is annihilated before reaching the circuit. This can be a highly probable scenario for faster arrhythmias.

Another manner in which atrial arrhythmias have been treated is with standard external defibrillators with the patient sedated during delivery of a defibrillation shock. There have also been external defibrillation systems, such as that disclosed in U.S. Pat. No. 5,928,270, specifically designed for use with atrial arrhythmias. However, in order to provide an external shock that can effectively terminate arrhythmias with electrode placed externally on the body, such systems must provide higher energy shocks than would be required by implantable devices. In addition, externally applied shocks necessarily recruit more of the skeletal musculature resulting in potentially more pain and discomfort to the patient.

Another method of treatment for patients with recurrent persistent AF is the implantable atrial defibrillator (“IAD”), such as described in U.S. Pat. Nos. 3,738,370 to Charms, 3,942,536 to Mirowski and 5,265,600 to Adams. Although initial clinical trials have shown that IADs have a high specificity and sensitivity to AF and deliver safe and effective shocks, the energy level needed for successful cardioversion can exceed the pain threshold. Endocardial cardioversion shock energies greater than 0.1 J are perceived to be uncomfortable (Ladwig, K. H., Marten-Mittag, B., Lehmann, G., Gündel, H., Simon, H., Alt, E., Absence of an Impact of Emotional Distress on the Perception of Intracardiac Shock Discharges, International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2003, 10(1): 56-65), and patients can fail to distinguish energy levels higher than this. The pain threshold depends on many factors, including autonomic tone, presence of drugs, location of electrodes and shock waveforms. Moreover, pain thresholds can be different from patient to patient.

Various approaches have sought to lower the energy level required for effective atrial fibrillation. A number of systems, such as, for example, U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,797,967 to KenKnight, U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,081,746, 6,085,116 and 6,292,691 to Pendekanti et al., and U.S. Pat. No. 6,556,862 and 6,587,720 to Hsu et al. disclose application of atrial pacing pulses in order to lower the energy level necessary for atrial defibrillation shocks. The energy delivered by pacing pulses is relatively nominal in comparison to defibrillation shocks. U.S. Pat. No. 5,620,468 to Mongeon et al. discloses applying cycles of low energy pulse bursts to the atrium to terminate atrial arrhythmias. U.S. Pat. No. 5,840,079 to Warman et al. discloses applying low-rate ventricular pacing before delivering atrial defibrillation pulses. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,246,906 and 6,526,317 to Hsu et al. disclose delivering both atrial and ventricular pacing pulses prior to delivering an atrial defibrillation pulse. U.S. Pat. No. 6,327,500 to Cooper et al. discloses delivering two reduced-energy, sequential defibrillation pulses instead of one larger energy defibrillation pulse.

Other systems have sought to lower the patient's perception of the pain associated with atrial defibrillation shocks. For example, U.S. Pat. No. 5,792,187 to Adams applies electromagnetic stimulation of nerve structures in the area of the shock to block the transmission of the pain signal resulting from the shock. U.S. Pat. Nos. 6,711,442 to Swerdlow et al. and 7,155,286 to Kroll et al. disclose application of a “prepulse” prior to application of a high voltage shock pulse in order to reduce the perceived pain and startle response caused by the shock pulse. U.S. Pat. No. 5,925,066 to Kroll et al. discloses a drug delivery system i9n combination with anti-tachy pacing for inhibiting pain upon detection of atrial fibrillation. U.S. Pat. No. 7,142,927 to Benser measures the physical displacement of an unconscious patient in response to various shock levels and programs an arrhythmia treatment device to provide shocks that will not cause an excessive level of discomfort.

Despite these efforts, there remains a need for improved atrial arrhythmia treatment methods and devices enabling successful electrical treatment without exceeding the pain threshold of any given patient and without relying on pharmacological or ablative treatments.

SUMMARY

The methods and devices of the present disclosure can exploit a virtual electrode polarization (“VEP”) enabling successful treatment of AF and Afl with an implantable system without exceeding the pain threshold of any given patient. This is enabled by far-field excitation of multiple areas of atrial tissue at once, rather than just one small area near a pacing electrode, which can be more effective for both AFl and AF. The methods can differ from conventional defibrillation therapy, which typically uses only one high-energy (about one to about seven joules) monophasic or biphasic shock or two sequential monophasic shocks from two different vectors of far-field electrical stimuli. To account for pain threshold differences in patients, a real-time feedback to the patient can be provided in estimating the pain threshold during the calibration and operation of the implantable device.

The methods and devices of embodiments of the present disclosure can utilize a low-voltage phased unpinning far-field therapy to destabilize or terminate the core of mother rotor, which anchors to a myocardial heterogeneity such as the intercaval region or fibrotic areas. A 20-fold reduction in defibrillation energy can be obtained with this unpinning method compared with conventional high-energy defibrillation, thus enabling successful cardioversion without exceeding the pain threshold of a patient.

Applying far-field low energy electric field stimulation in an appropriate range of time- and frequency-domains can interrupt and terminate the reentrant circuit by selectively exciting the excitable gap near the core of reentry. By stimulating the excitable gap near the core of the circuit, the reentry can be disrupted and terminated. The reentrant circuit is anchored at a functionally or anatomically heterogeneous region, which constitutes the core of reentry. Areas near the heterogeneous regions (including the region of the core of reentry) will experience greater polarization in response to an applied electric field compared with the surrounding, more homogeneous tissue. Thus, the region near the core of reentry can be preferentially excited with very small electric fields to destabilize or terminate anchored reentrant circuits. Once destabilized, subsequent shocks can more easily terminate the arrhythmia and restore normal sinus rhythm.

Virtual electrode excitation can be used at local resistive heterogeneities to depolarize a critical part of the reentry pathway or excitable gap near the core of reentry. Various shock protocols for a phased unpinning far-field therapy to terminate atrial arrhythmias in accordance with aspects of the present invention are contemplated. In one aspect, the reentry is either terminated directly or destabilized and then terminated by additional stimuli. The low energy stimulation can be below the pain threshold and, thus, may cause no anxiety and uncomfortable side effects to the patient. In another aspect, a phased unpinning far-field therapy can be delivered in response to a detected atrial arrhythmia, with post treatment pacing administered as a follow-up therapy to the phased unpinning far-field therapy.

To further optimize this low energy method of termination, multiple electric field configurations can be used to optimally excite the excitable gap near the core of reentry and disrupt the reentrant circuit. These field configurations can be achieved by placing several defibrillation leads/electrodes into the coronary sinus (with both distal and proximal electrodes), the right atrial appendage, and the superior venae cavae. In another embodiment, an electrode can be placed in the atrial septum. Electric fields can be delivered between any two or more of these electrodes as well as between one of these electrodes and the device itself (hot can configuration). In another aspect, segmented electrodes with the ability to selectively energize one or more of the electrode segments can be used. Modulation of the electric field vector can then be used to achieve maximum coverage of the entire atria within one set of shock applications or on a trial to trial basis. The optimal electric fields used and the correct sequence of fields can also be explored on a trial and error basis for each patient.

In another aspect of the present invention, a pain threshold protocol is implemented for the treatment. The device and a plurality of defibrillation leads are implanted into a patient who is sedated or under anesthesia. When the patient is completely free from the effects of the sedation or anesthetic, the device is instructed to individually interrogate the implanted leads, with stimulation being activated between both the leads and also between the can and the leads. The patient is asked to indicate a level of discomfort for each stimulation. The stimulation energy is initially set at low values and then is increased in a ramp-up mode, and the patient is asked to indicate when their pain threshold is reached. Default maximum stimulation energy levels previously stored in the device are replaced by the custom values determined through this protocol, and the device is programmed to restrict therapy to energy levels that are below these custom values.

In another aspect of the present invention, pre-treatment external information from a variety of sources, e.g. an electrocardiogram or a magnetic resonance image of the patient, regarding the likely location of a reentrant loop can be used to facilitate certain aspects of the treatment. Such external information can be used to determine the suitability of a patient for the procedure, vis-à-vis alternate treatments such as ablation or drug therapy, and to determine lead selection and placement, or determine the initial lead energizing pattern.

In another aspect of the present invention, the morphology of an electrogram of an arrhythmia can be documented, stored, and compared to previously stored morphologies. Anatomic location(s) of the reentry circuit(s) may be determined by the specific anatomy and physiological remodeling of the atria, which are unique for each patient. The embodiment takes advantage of the observation that several morphologies of atrial arrhythmias tend to occur with higher frequency than others. Optimization of pulse sequence of the therapy may be conducted separately for each electrogram morphology and stored in memory for future arrhythmia terminations. When an arrhythmia is detected, it will be determined whether the morphology of the electogram of an arrhythmia is known. If it is, the optimized therapy stored in memory may be applied to convert that arrhythmia.

In an aspect of the present invention, a method for destabilization and termination of atrial tachyarrhythmia includes detecting an atrial tachyarrhythmia initiation from sensing of atrial electrical activity, estimating a minimum or dominant arrhythmia CL, sensing ventricular electrical activity to detect a ventricular R-wave, delivering far-field atrial electrical shocks/stimulation as a pulse train from two to ten pulses during one or several cycles of AF/AFl synchronously with a detected R wave, optionally delivering atrial pacing with CL generally from about 20% to about 99% of sensed atrial fibrillation cycle length (“AFCL”) minimum value, and (a) determining ventricular vulnerable period using R-wave detection to prevent or inhibit induction of ventricular fibrillation by atrial shock, (b) determining the atrial excitation threshold by applying electrical shock through different implanted atrial defibrillation leads and subsequently sensing for atrial activation, (c) determining pain threshold by a feedback circuit that uses information provided by the patient during both the implantation and calibration procedure, and during the execution of the device learning algorithms, (d) determining the ventricular far-field excitation threshold by applying electrical shock through different implanted atrial defibrillation leads and subsequently sensing for ventricular activation, (e) delivering far-field stimuli to the atria by sequentially delivering several pulses at energies above the atrial excitation threshold, wherein the electrical current at each of said implanted leads is delivered at a rate of approximately about 20% to about 99% of the minimal AFCL, and wherein if arrhythmia termination is not achieved by far-field shocks, the method further comprising delivering near (or far-field) atrial pacing with CLs from about 20% to about 99% of sensed AFCL minimum value, (f) determining whether arrhythmia termination is achieved, and (g) wherein if arrhythmia termination is not achieved as determined in step (f), steps (d), (e) and (f) are repeated one or more times with a higher amplitude of electrical current and/or different lead configuration and stimulus parameters until atrial defibrillation is achieved.

In another aspect of the present invention, an implantable cardiac therapy device for treating an atrium in need of atrial defibrillation includes one or more sensors comprising one or more implanted electrodes positioned in different locations for generating electrogram signals, one or more pacing implanted electrodes positioned in different locations for near-field pacing of different atrial sites, one or more implanted defibrillation electrodes positioned in different locations for far-field delivery of electrical current, and an implantable or external device which can be capable to deliver a train of pulses of electrical shocks.

In one exemplary embodiment, the implantable device is implanted just under the left clavicle. This location places the device in approximate alignment with the longitudinal anatomical axis of the heart (an axis through the center of the heart that intersects the apex and the interventricular septum). When the electrodes are implanted in this manner, the arrangement of the device and electrodes is similar in configuration to the top of an umbrella: the device constituting the ferrule of an umbrella, and the electrodes constituting the tines of the umbrella. The electrodes of the device are energized in sequential order to achieve electrical fields of stimulation that is similar to “stimulating” the triangles of umbrella fabric, one after the other, in either a clockwise or counter-clockwise manner or in a custom sequence. In one aspect, a right ventricular lead is positioned as part of the implantation. In another aspect, no ventricular lead is positioned, removing the need for a lead to cross a heart valve during lead implantation. Leads may be active or passive fixation.

In another aspect, the device can be fully automatic; automatically delivering a shock protocol when atrial arrhythmias are detected. In another aspect, the device can have a manual shock delivery; the device prompting the patient to either have a doctor authorize the device to deliver a shock protocol, or the device can prompt the patient to self-direct the device to deliver a shock protocol in order to terminate a detected arrhythmia. In another aspect, the device can be semi-automatic; a “bed-side” monitoring station can be used to permit remote device authorization for the initiation of a shock protocol when atrial arrhythmias are detected.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The invention may be more completely understood in consideration of the following detailed description of various embodiments of the invention in connection with the accompanying drawings, in which:

FIG. 1A depicts a schematic posterior view of a human heart and anatomical locations of implantable defibrillation leads and sensing electrodes;

FIG. 1B depicts a schematic posterior view of a human heart and anatomical locations of implantable defibrillation leads and sensing electrodes with an optional lead placed in the right ventricle;

FIG. 2 is a flow chart illustrating a treatment method of an embodiment of the present disclosure;

FIG. 3A is a photograph of a preparation of fluorescent optical mapping of the posterior atria during ACh-induced AFl and AF in a Langendorff perfused rabbit heart with a photodiode array optical mapping field of view;

FIG. 3B depicts activation maps and optical action potentials (OAP) during AFL and AF of FIG. 3A;

FIG. 4A is a photograph of a preparation of fluorescent optical mapping of the right atrial endocardium during ACh-induced AFl and AF in the canine isolated atria with a photodiode array optical mapping field of view;

FIG. 4B depicts activation maps and OAPs during AFL and AF of FIG. 4A;

FIG. 5A depicts a simplified schematic posterior view of a human heart, anatomical locations of implantable defibrillation leads and electrodes, and the direction of a first shock/pulse train;

FIG. 5B depicts a simplified schematic posterior view of a human heart, anatomical locations of implantable defibrillation leads and electrodes, and the direction of a second shock/pulse train;

FIG. 5C depicts a simplified schematic posterior view of a human heart, anatomical locations of implantable defibrillation leads and electrodes, and the direction of a third shock/pulse train; and

FIG. 6 depicts a flow chart illustrating a treatment method of an embodiment of the present disclosure.

FIG. 7 depicts a simplified schematic view of a human heart showing potential locations of arrhythmias.

FIG. 8 provides a summary of shock amplitudes for six canine right atria experiments.

FIG. 9 provides a listing of potential electric field sequences for therapy provided to the regions in FIG. 7 by electrodes positioned as shown in FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C.

While the invention is amenable to various modifications and alternative forms, specifics thereof have been shown by way of example in the drawings and will be described in detail. It should be understood, however, that the intention is not to limit the invention to the particular embodiments described. On the contrary, the intention is to cover all modifications, equivalents, and alternatives falling within the spirit and scope of the invention as defined by the appended claims.

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE DRAWINGS

The defibrillation methods of embodiments of the present disclosure are based on delivery of virtual electrode polarization as phased unpinning far-field therapy from an implantable device and a method of destabilizing and subsequently terminating anatomical reentrant tachyarrhythmias. This method includes a low-voltage shock to destabilize or terminate the core of mother rotor, which anchors to a myocardial heterogeneity such as the intercaval region or fibrotic areas. A 20-fold reduction in defibrillation energy can be obtained with this method compared with conventional high-energy defibrillation. In ventricular tachycardia, a reduction to 0.3±0.1 J from 6.1±1.0 J, p<0.001 was observed.

The anatomical structure of cardiac tissue can be inherently heterogeneous. These syncytial heterogeneities of even modest proportions can represent a significant mechanism contributing to the far-field excitation process. Fishler, M. G., Vepa K., Spatiotemporal Effects of Syncytial Heterogeneities on Cardiac Far-field Excitations during Monophasic and Biphasic Shocks, Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiolgy, 1998, 9(12): 1310-24, which is incorporated herein by reference.

For purposes of the present application, the term “near-field,” can relate to effects that are in close proximity to stimulating electrode(s), i.e., distances are restricted by several space constants (lambda) of cardiac tissue, which is typically up to several millimeters. Near-field effects can be strongly dependent upon distance from the electrodes. The term “far-field,” on the other hand, can relate to effects that are generally independent or less dependent upon distance from the electrodes. They can occur at distances that are much greater than the space constant (lambda).

Applying far-field low energy electric field stimulation in a range of time- and frequency-domains can interrupt and terminate the reentrant circuit by selectively exciting the excitable gap near the core of reentry. High frequency far-field electric stimulation has significantly higher defibrillation success compared to near-field ATP. The reentrant circuit can be anchored at a functionally or anatomically heterogeneous region, which constitutes the core of reentry. The virtual electrode theory of myocardial excitation by electric field predicts that areas near the core will experience greater polarization in response to an applied electric field compared with the surrounding, more homogeneous tissue. Various shock protocols to terminate atrial arrhythmias are contemplated. Thus, in one aspect, the region near the core of reentry can be preferentially excited with very small electric fields to destabilize or terminate anchored reentrant circuits. Once destabilized, subsequent shocks can more easily terminate the arrhythmia and restore normal sinus rhythm.

In traditional high-voltage defibrillation therapy, a truncated exponential biphasic waveform has a lower defibrillation energy as compared to monophasic shocks. However, in the case of phased unpinning far-field therapy (“PUFFT”), the use of multiple monophasic versus multiple biphasic waveforms was recently found to be more effective in terminating ventricular arrhythmias in a rabbit model. This difference is because optimal biphasic defibrillation waveforms do not produce VEPs because of an asymmetric effect of phase reversal on membrane polarization. Efimov, I. R., Cheng, Y., Van Wagoner, D. R., Mazgalev, T., Tchou, P. J., Virtual Electrode-Induced Phase Singularity: A Basic Mechanism of Defibrillation Failure, Circulation Research, 1998, 82(8): 918-25, which is incorporated herein by reference. VEP is discussed further in Efimov, I. R., Cheng, Y. N., Biermann, M., Van Wagoner, D. R., Mazgalev, T. N., Tchou, P. J., Transmembrane Voltage Changes Produced by Real and Virtual Electrodes During Monophasic Defibrillation Shock Delivered by an Implantable Electrode, Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiolgy, 1997, 8(9): 1031-45; Cheng, Y. N., Mowrey, K. A., Van Wagoner, D. R., Tchou, P. J., Efimov, I. R., Virtual Electrode-Induced Reexcitation: A Mechanism of Defibrillation, Circulation Research, 1999, 85(11):1056-66; and Fishler, M. G., Syncytial Heterogeneity as a Mechanism Underlying Cardiac Far-Field Stimulation During Defibrillation-Level Shocks. Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiolgy, 1998, 9(4): 384-94, all of which are incorporated herein by reference.

The ventricular defibrillation threshold (“DFT”) can be significantly decreased by an orthogonally rotating current field. Tsukerman, B. M., Bogdanov, Klu, Kon, M. V., Kriukov, V. A., Vandiaev, G. K., Defibrillation of the Heart by a Rotating Current Field, Kardiologiia, 1973, 13(12): 75-80, which is incorporated herein by reference. By combining two sequential shocks with a rotating electrical field vector, the atrial defibrillation threshold (“ADFT”) of the standard lead configuration (right atrium to distal coronary sinus) can be significantly reduced when followed by a second shock along the atrial septum delivered between electrodes in the proximal coronary sinus and either the SVC or Bachmann's bundle. Zheng, X., Benser, M. E., Walcott, G. P., Smith, W. M., Ideker, R. E., Reduction of the Internal Atrial Defibrillation Threshold with Balanced Orthogonal Sequential Shocks, Journal of Cardiovascular Electrophysiolgy, 2002; 13(9): 904-9, which is incorporated herein by reference. The ADFT can be further reduced with balanced sequential shocks.

Virtual electrode excitation can be used at local resistive heterogeneities to depolarize a critical part of the reentry pathway or excitable gap near the core of reentry. Thus, reentry can be terminated directly or destabilized and then the reentry can be terminated by additional stimuli. This technique can be exploited in an implantable or external device, which, upon sensing an atrial tachyarrhythmia, can apply the low energy stimulation at several different timing intervals until the correct timing can be achieved and the arrhythmia can be terminated. This “trial and error” approach can be used, as atrial arrhythmias are not immediately life threatening. Also, the low energy stimulation can be expected to be below the pain threshold and thus may cause no anxiety and uncomfortable side effects to the patient.

To further optimize the low energy method of termination, multiple electric field configurations can be used to optimally excite the excitable gap near the core of reentry and disrupt the reentrant circuit. Referring to FIGS. 1A and 1B, these field configurations can be achieved by placing several implantable defibrillation electrodes 11 into the proximal 12 and distal 13 coronary sinus (“CS”), the right atrial appendage (“RAA”) 14, and the superior venae cavae (“SVC”) 15. In one aspect, a right ventricular lead is positioned as part of the implantation (FIG. 1B). In another aspect, no ventricular lead is positioned (FIG. 1A), removing the need to cross a heart valve during lead implantation. Leads may be active or passive fixation. As can be seen from FIG. 1, no leads are placed in the left side of the heart, thus reducing the time required for implantation.

Electric fields can be delivered between any two of these electrodes as well as between one of these electrodes and the device itself 16 (hot can configuration). Modulation of the electric field vector can be used to achieve maximum coverage of the entire atria and to maintain optimal Virtual Electrode Polarization through the entire cycle of arrhythmia. The optimal electric fields used and the correct sequence of fields can also be explored on a trial and error basis for each patient or can be estimated based on external information regarding potential sites of the reentrant circuits, or can be based on a combination of both.

Referring now to FIGS. 5A, 5B and 5C which together depict a clock-wise rotation of the vectors of a series of three consecutive far field unpinning shocks. Each shock can be comprised of a train of electrical pulses. In this example, multiple, monophasic shocks can be applied with intervals as a function of arrhythmia cycle length. In one example, the far field unpinning shocks can be square waves, 10 ms in duration of which the voltage and vectors will be varied to determine minimum termination voltage. In other embodiments, the far field unpinning shocks or pulses may be rounded, staggered, ascending, descending, biphasic, multiphasic or variations thereof.

In FIG. 5A a first far field unpinning shock 40 is applied between the electrode located in the right atrial appendage (b) and the device (a). In FIG. 5B a second far field unpinning shock 42 is applied between the electrode located distal in the coronary sinus (e) and the electrode located in the superior venae cavae (c). In FIG. 5C a third far field unpinning shock 44 is applied between the device (a) and the electrode located proximal in the coronary sinus (d).

An algorithm may be used for treatment of AFl and AF. To determine whether the atria are in flutter or fibrillation, the device can first estimate the CL of arrhythmia. For example, if the average atrial cardiac CL is less than 250 ms, but greater than 150 ms, the atria are considered to be in AFl. The distinguishing characteristics of AF and AFl vary on a patient-to-patient basis and thus these CL parameters can be programmable based on patient's need. Examples of distinguishing AF from AFl are described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,081, which is incorporated herein by reference. In addition, an algorithm can be used to characterize and categorize morphologies of atrial electrogram in order to use this information for patient-specific and morphology-specific optimization of phased unpinning far-field therapy.

An optimum time to apply the phased unpinning far-field therapy relative to the cardiac cycle may be determined from the ventricular sensing electrodes including RV or far-field R-wave detection. Examples of finding unsafe times for far-field shock are also described in U.S. Pat. No. 5,814,081.

Learning algorithms may also used to optimize therapy on subsequent terminations. Once the optimal timing and field settings are achieved for a patient to terminate an atrial tachyarrhythmia, these settings are the starting point for termination of the next bout of AFl/AF.

Because AFl/AF are not immediately life-threatening arrhythmias, therapy can be optimized using a trial and error approach combined with learning algorithms to tailor therapy for each patient. The optimization includes two objectives: (a) terminating arrhythmia and (b) avoiding intensities associated with pain.

As described above, the pain threshold depends on many factors, including autonomic tone, presence of drugs, location of electrodes and shock waveforms. A value of 0.1 J has been reported by Ladwig, K. H., Marten-Mittag, B., Lehmann, G., Gündel, H., Simon, H., Alt, E., Absence of an Impact of Emotional Distress on the Perception of Intracardiac Shock Discharges, International Journal of Behavioral Medicine, 2003, 10(1): 56-65, which is incorporated herein by reference, as the energy value where pain and/or discomfort is first generally experienced. However, it can be different from patient to patient. Thus, a real-time feedback to the patient can be provided in estimating the pain threshold during either the implantation or calibration of the device or during execution of the optimizing learning algorithms.

Referring now to FIG. 6, a pain threshold protocol 200 is described. An atrial arrhythmia treatment device is implanted in a patient, who is sedated or under anesthesia, during a surgical procedure 202. The implanted device includes an implantable therapy generator and at least two leads operably connected to the implantable therapy generator, each lead having at least two electrodes adapted to be positioned proximate the atrium of a heart of the patient. At a time after completion of the surgical procedure, when the patient is fully conscious and completely free from the effects of the sedation or anesthetic, the atrial arrhythmia treatment device is configured 204. The device is instructed to apply a PUFFT treatment 206, via a far field configuration of the electrodes, to the patient in response to detection of an atrial arrhythmia, the PUFFT treatment having a first set of therapy parameters. The patient then provides an indication of pain sensation in response to the PUFFT 208. An assessment is made of the effectiveness of the PUFFT treatment of the atrial arrhythmia 210. An evaluation is made regarding the effectiveness of the PUFFT treatment and the indication of pain sensation 212. In response to both the indication of pain, and of the assessment of the effectiveness of the treatment, an adjustment is made to at least one of the set of therapy parameters and the far field configuration of the electrodes 214. Steps 206 to 212 are repeated until a set of therapy parameters and a far field configuration of the electrodes have been determined that provide an effective treatment of the atrial arrhythmia for the patient at a pain sensation that is tolerable to the patient. The atrial arrhythmia treatment device is then programmed with the set of therapy parameters and the far field configuration of the electrodes 216 as determined from steps 206-214 to be used by the device in automatically treating an atrial arrhythmia detected by the device.

Referring to FIG. 2, upon device implantation, several measurements are first made (P101-P103). The field excitation thresholds for both atrial and ventricular excitation are measured from each lead combination as described previously (P101). These values serve as the minimum stimulation strengths and can be tested periodically by the device for changes. Stimulation strengths can also be increased until the patient senses the shock and feels pain. A patient feedback mechanism can be employed to register this maximum shock amplitude, which corresponds to pain threshold for this particular site. These minimum and maximum values outline the operating range of the device.

After implantation, the device enters a sensing mode (21) to sense for atrial tachyarrhythmias. When an arrhythmia is sensed, the minimum AFl/AF CL can be determined from all sensing electrodes. The minimum AFl/AF CL can then be used to calculate the stimulus frequency (23 b), which may range from about 20% to about 99% of the minimum AFl/AF CL. The device then determines if the arrhythmia is the first bout of AFl/AF after implantation (24). If so, a default combination of stimulus parameters combined with the minimum stimulation strengths as previously measured can be used for the first defibrillation trial (P103) and (26). The combination of stimulus parameters (23) can include: number of stimuli (23 a), frequency of stimuli (23 b), number of electric field configurations (23 c), sequence of electric field configurations (23 d), field strength (23 e), waveform morphology (23 f). The default combination of parameters can be based on experimental evidence found in animal models of AFl/AF, previous experience with this technology, or results of patient specific testing at the time of implant. If it is not the first bout of AFl/AF after implant, stored parameters from the previous stimulus application can be used for the first defibrillation trial (25)-(26). To avoid inducing a ventricular arrhythmia, the device then waits for the next sensed R-wave to deliver the atrial defibrillation therapy. The appropriate stimulus parameters are then delivered (28).

After the defibrillation trial, sensing can then be employed again to determine if the trial was successful (29). If the trial was unsuccessful, and the duration of AFl/AF has not exceeded the maximum allowed duration (30), the stimulus parameters (23) are varied and another defibrillation trial can be performed (25)-(29). Because of the large number of stimulus parameters (23), a neural network can be employed within the device to control the sequence and optimization of the parameters. The defibrillation trials continue (25)-(29) until the arrhythmia is terminated or until the maximum duration of AFl/AF is reached (30). Because prolonged AFl/AF can promote blood clotting and increase a patient's risk of stroke along with other complications, a higher energy rescue shock (31) can be delivered if necessary and low energy optimization can be continued upon the next bout of AFl/AF.

If a successful combination of parameters is found, the stimulus parameters can be saved (36), (25) and employed upon the next bout of AFl/AF. If a particular combination of stimulus parameters is found to be successful for many bouts of AFl/AF (i.e., >5 successful terminations) (33), the device can enter a “continual optimization algorithm” (34) to determine if the energy can be further decreased. The stimulus parameters can be varied at a lower energy (35), (23) to try to find another successful combination. If another such combination is not determined, the device can return to using the successful combination.

In one embodiment, the morphology of an arrhythmia's electrogram can be documented, stored, and compared to previously stored morphologies. Anatomic location(s) of the reentry circuit(s) are determined by the specific anatomy and physiological remodeling of the atria, which are unique for each patient. Thus, the morphologies can reveal the specific anatomic locations of the reentry circuits. Optimization of the pulse sequence of the therapy can be conducted separately for each electrogram morphology and stored in memory for future arrhythmia terminations.

Referring to FIG. 7, various locations 302 where reentry circuits may be anchored are depicted. The locations 302 have been divided into five zones 310, 320, 330, 340 and 350 indicated by the dashed lines. In one embodiment, a default therapy sequence can be initiated for reentry circuits located in each zone. For example, if the morphology of the arrhythmia indicates that the reentry circuit is located in zone 310, the sequence of electric fields applied might begin between electrode (b) and electrode (a) (on the device) as depicted in FIG. 5A. The sequence may then continue with an electric field between electrode (e) and electrode (c) (FIG. 5B) followed by one between electrode (a) and electrode (d) (FIG. 5C). The table in FIG. 9 provides one example of potential default therapy sequences for each zone 310, 320, 330, 340, and 350 in FIG. 7. If the default therapy sequence in a given zone fails to terminate the arrhythmia, additional therapy sequences may subsequently be applied.

Because this device, in embodiments, can need to deliver a series of electric field stimuli in rapid succession, traditional implantable pulse generators, such as normally used in ICDs generally may be inadequate for the device. Traditional implantable pulse generators employ a charging period (on the order of seconds) to charge a capacitor, then rapidly discharge the capacitor to apply the shock. Before the next shock application, the capacitor can need to be charged again. In this device, several low energy far field unpinning shocks (two-ten) can be applied in rapid succession (only 10-300 ms apart) for each treatment. Therefore, the implantable pulse generator of this device can include several smaller capacitors that charge simultaneously before each defibrillation trial. For each stimulus delivered, a single capacitor discharges with the appropriate amount of energy followed sequentially by a discharge from another capacitor until the appropriate number of stimuli is delivered. Then, all of the capacitors are charged before the next defibrillation trial. In order to produce the appropriate stimuli across the appropriate lead configuration, a fast switching network can be employed to switch the discharged energy between the different capacitors as well as switching the applied energy to the correct electrodes. The pretreatment of pulses is described further in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,366,485 and 5,314,448, both of which are incorporated herein by reference.

Experimental Results

Referring to FIGS. 3A and 3B, a series of experiments were conducted in which the posterior epicardium of the right and left atria (RA and LA) and the pulmonary vein (PV) region of Langendorff-perfused rabbit hearts (n=9) were simultaneously optically mapped in control and during ACh perfusion (2.5-100 μM). In FIG. 3A, the fluorescent optical mapping of the posterior atria during ACh-induced AFl and AF in a Langendorff perfused rabbit heart with a photodiode array optical mapping field of view is shown wherein (1) the location of the origin of a normal sinus rhythm heart beat is indicated by a blue/purple circle, (2) the narrow gray oval indicates the line of intercaval conduction block, as identified during normal sinus rhythm and during pacing, the site of resistive heterogeneity, which is highly likely to serve as a pinning site for a reentry circuit during atrial flutter or atrial fibrillation, (3) dashed black lines with arrows indicate the location and direction of reentrant circuits, and (4) dashed white lines indicate vessels that have been ligated. In FIG. 3B, the activation maps and optical action potentials (OAP) during AFL and AF of FIG. 3A are shown, wherein (1) the narrow gray oval indicates the line of intercaval conduction block, the site of resistive heterogeneity, and (2) dashed white lines with arrows indicate the location and direction of reentrant circuits, and wherein isochronal maps are depicted in 4.0 ms steps

Arrhythmias were provoked by a single premature stimulus or burst pacing. Low-energy shocks were delivered from two large mesh electrodes located on either side of the heart, oriented parallel to the vertical axis of the heart. To prevent or inhibit motion artifacts, Blebbistatin (BB) was used. BB is a highly specific inhibitor of myosin TI isoforms. Under control conditions, AF was not induced, and sustained AFl was induced only in 1 heart. ACh depressed the sinus rhythm and provoked atrial premature beats (“APBs”) with a coupling interval of 93±7 ms from the RA appendage, superior PVs and inferior vena cava regions. APBs resulted in spontaneous AF in 3 hearts. In 8 hearts, a single premature stimulus or burst pacing induced sustained AFl and AF (>10 min) at 7±2 μM and 20±8 μM ACh, respectively.

Referring again to FIG. 3B, AFl and AF were maintained by a single macroreentrant circuit around a region of conduction block between the SVC and IVC (CL=79±10 ms) or multiple reentry circuits (CL=48±6 ms), respectively. In most cases, AF was associated with mother rotor microreentry in the pectinate muscles of RA (75%) and/or LA (25%). FIG. 3B depicts an example of activation during AF. AF was associated with a stable mother rotor (figure-of-eight) in the RA appendage. Rarely, several complete rotations of an additional rotor were observed in the LA, but this rotor was generally not sustained.

To terminate the arrhythmias, monophasic five ms shocks were delivered from external mesh electrodes. Either a single shock was applied throughout various phases of AFl or multiple (three-five) shocks were applied within one AFl CL. Anti-tachycardia pacing (ATP, 8 pulses, 50-100% of AFl CL) was also applied from the RA appendage electrode or the IVC region electrode.

A statistically significant phase window was found in which single shocks terminated AFl with a defibrillation threshold (DFT) of 0.9±0.4 V/cm. Termination of AFl was preceded by a short (<1 sec) run of AF in 30% of cases, which are demonstrated examples of destabilization of reentry before its complete termination. Multiple shocks had lower termination strength of 0.7±0.1 V/cm. ATP alone terminated AFl in only 4 of the 6 hearts on which it was applied with 15% of terminations preceded by AF and 11% of applications resulting in sustained AF. Conventional time-independent monophasic shocks terminated sustained AF with a minimum strength 4.7±0.9 V/cm only. The lower efficacy of ATP suggests that low-energy field stimulation may be an alternative to ATP for the treatment of AFl.

Experimental protocols were transferred from the rabbit model to the canine AF model. AFl or AF was electrically induced in isolated, coronary-perfused canine right atria (n=7) in the presence of acetylcholine (3.8±3.2 μM). CL of AFl and AF was 130.7±30.7 ms and 55.6±7.9 ms, respectively. Referring to FIGS. 4A and 4B, using optical mapping (16×16 photodiode array), AFl and AF were determined to be maintained by single macroreentrant circuits around the sinoatrial node region or multiple reentry circuits, respectively. FIG. 4A shows a preparation of fluorescent optical mapping of the right atrial endocardium during ACh-induced AFl and AF in the canine isolated atria with a photodiode array optical mapping field of view, wherein (1) the sin θ-atrial node, which is a resistive heterogeneity, and often serves as a pinning location for a reentry circuit during atrial flutter is indicated by a dark blue/purple oval, (2) dashed white lines with arrows indicate a reentry circuit during atrial flutter, and (3) dashed black lines with arrows indicate a reentry circuit during atrial fibrillation (which is pinned to another resistive heterogeneity). FIG. 4B shows activation maps and OAPs during AFL and AF wherein (1) dashed white lines with arrows indicate a reentry circuit during atrial flutter, and (2) dashed black lines with arrows indicate a reentry circuit during atrial fibrillation (which is pinned to another resistive heterogeneity). It can be seen that AF reentry cores were located at functional and anatomical heterogeneities in the pectinate muscles and SVC/IVC regions. Single or multiple monophasic 10 ms shocks were applied from parallel mesh electrodes in the tissue bath using the rabbit experimental setup.

The far-field diastolic threshold of excitation was reached at 0.14±0.12 V/cm (0.005+0.0001 J) when supra-threshold virtual cathodes were induced at local resistive heterogeneities. Single-shock ADFT was significantly lower for AFl vs. AF (0.2±0.06 vs. 7.44±3.27 V/cm, or 0.018±0.001 vs. 2.6±0.78 J; p<0.05). However, application of 2 or 3 pulses delivered at an optimal coupling interval between pulses allowed significant reduction of the ADFT for AF: 3.11±0.74 V/cm and 3.37±0.73 V/cm, or 0.44±0.04 and 0.48±0.03 J for 2 and 3 pulses, respectively (p<0.05 vs. 1 pulse). Coupling interval optimization was performed in the range of 20-190% of the AF CL. Optimal coupling interval was 87.3±18.6% and 91.3±17.9% for two and three pulses, respectively. The table in FIG. 8 provides the summary of these results collected in six canine atrial preparations.

Moreover, low voltage shocks (0.1-1 V/cm) converted AF to AFl. Thus atrial defibrillation is best achieved by a two step process: (a) conversion of AF to AFL, and (b) termination of AFl. Both steps are achieved with multiple pulses with energy ranging from 0.02-0.1 J.

Similar ADFT values for AF and AFl were found in both models, demonstrating the relevance of the rabbit model for experiments in dogs and further applications. Lower ADFTs can be obtained when multiple field directions are used, as well as when appropriately timed shocks or multiple shocks are used.

The method described above is exemplary of a method in accordance with one aspect of the present invention. The methods above may be accomplished by an internal, implanted device. The methods above may be accomplished using any number and configuration of electrode arrangements, such as endocardial, epicardial, intravenous, implantable or external, or any combination thereof, to deliver electrical cardiac stimulation in accordance with the present invention. Multiple path electrode configurations as contemplated for use with some embodiments of the present as shown, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,306,291 and 5,766,226, the disclosure of each of which are incorporated herein by reference.

It is contemplated that the method of the present invention can be utilized together with, or separate from, other pacing and defibrillation therapies. For example, the present invention can be implemented as part of an ICD where a high voltage defibrillation shock can be delivered in the event that the method of the present invention is unable to successfully convert a cardiac arrhythmia. Alternatively, the present invention could be implemented as part of a conventional pacemaker to provide for an emergency response to a VT/VF condition in the patient that would increase the chances of patient survival.

The methods of the present invention also contemplate the use of any number of arrangements and configurations of waveforms and waveshapes for the electrical stimulation pulse(s). Known monophasic, biphasic, triphasic and cross-phase stimulation pulses may be utilized. In one embodiment, the present invention contemplates the use of an ascending ramp waveform as described in the article Qu, F., Li, L., Nikolski, V. P., Sharma, V., Efimov, I. R., Mechanisms of Superiority of Ascending Ramp Waveforms: New Insights into Mechanisms of Shock-induced Vulnerability and Defibrillation, American Journal of Physiology—Heart and Circulatory Physiology, 2005, 289: H569-H577, the disclosure of which is incorporated herein by reference.

The methods of the present invention also contemplate the use of any number of arrangement and configurations for the generation of the phased unpinning far field electrical stimulation pulse(s). While conventional high voltage capacitor discharge circuitry may be utilized to generate the lower energy stimulation pulse(s) in accordance with the present invention, it is also expected that alternative arrangements could be utilized involving lower voltage capacitor arrangements, such as stacked, switched or secondary capacitors, rechargeable batteries, charge pump and voltage booster circuits as described, for example, in U.S. Pat. Nos. 5,199,429, 5,334,219, 5,365,391, 5,372,605, 5,383,907, 5,391,186, 5,405,363, 5,407,444, 5,413,591, 5,620,464 and 5,674,248, the disclosures of each of which are incorporated herein by reference. Generation of the phased unpinning far field therapy in accordance with embodiments of the present invention can be accomplished by any number of methods, including known methods for generating pacing pulses. Similarly, any number of known techniques for cardiac arrhythmia detection may be used in accordance with the method of the present invention.

The embodiments above are intended to be illustrative and not limiting. Additional embodiments are within the claims. In addition, although aspects of the present invention have been described with reference to particular embodiments, those skilled in the art will recognize that changes can be made in form and detail without departing from the spirit and scope of the invention, as defined by the claims.

Persons of ordinary skill in the relevant arts will recognize that the invention may comprise fewer features than illustrated in any individual embodiment described above. The embodiments described herein are not meant to be an exhaustive presentation of the ways in which the various features of the invention may be combined. Accordingly, the embodiments are not mutually exclusive combinations of features; rather, the invention may comprise a combination of different individual features selected from different individual embodiments, as understood by persons of ordinary skill in the art.

Any incorporation by reference of documents above is limited such that no subject matter is incorporated that is contrary to the explicit disclosure herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is further limited such that no claims included in the documents are incorporated by reference herein. Any incorporation by reference of documents above is yet further limited such that any definitions provided in the documents are not incorporated by reference herein unless expressly included herein.

For purposes of interpreting the claims for the present invention, it is expressly intended that the provisions of Section 112, sixth paragraph of 35 U.S.C. are not to be invoked unless the specific terms “means for” or “step for” are recited in a claim. 

1. A method for an implantable device to treat atrial arrhythmias comprising: (a) providing an atrial arrhythmia treatment device including an implantable therapy generator and at least two leads operably connected to the implantable therapy generator, each lead having at least two electrodes adapted to be positioned proximate the atrium of a heart of the patient; (b) providing instructions for implanting the atrial arrhythmia treatment device in a patient during a surgical procedure that involves administration of a pain suppression medication to the patient; and (c) providing instructions for configuring the atrial arrhythmia treatment device in the patient at a time after completion of the surgical procedure when the pain suppression medication is no longer effective and the patient is fully conscious, including instructions for: (c1) causing the atrial arrhythmia treatment device to apply a phased unpinning far field therapy to the patient in response to detection of an atrial arrhythmia, the phased unpinning far field therapy having a set of therapy parameters and being delivered via a far field configuration of the electrodes; (c2) receiving from the patient an indication of pain sensation in response to the phased unpinning far field therapy; (c3) receiving an indication of effectiveness of treatment of the atrial arrhythmia in response to the phased unpinning far field therapy; (c4) in response to receiving the indication of pain sensation and the indication of effectiveness of treatment, adjusting at least one of the set of therapy parameters and the far field configuration of the electrodes and repeating steps (c1) to (c4) until a set of therapy parameters and a far field configuration of the electrodes have been determined that provide an effective treatment of the atrial arrhythmia for the patient at a pain sensation that is tolerable to the patient; and (c5) causing the atrial arrhythmia treatment device to be programmed with the set of therapy parameters and the far field configuration of the electrodes as determined from steps (c1)-(c4) to be used by the atrial arrhythmia treatment device in automatically treating an atrial arrhythmia detected by the atrial arrhythmia treatment device.
 2. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes providing instruction for positioning electrodes in a proximate portion of the coronary sinus, a distal portion of the coronary sinus, a portion of the right atrial appendage and a portion of the superior venae cavae.
 3. The method of claim 1, wherein step (b) includes providing instruction for implanting the leads within the atrium of the heart without causing the leads to cross the tricuspid valve in the heart.
 4. The method of claim 1, step (b) includes providing instruction for implanting the leads at positions determined at least in part based on previously known information regarding a location of an atrial arrhythmia in the patient.
 5. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c1) includes inducing the atrial arrhythmia.
 6. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c5) includes causing the atrial arrhythmia treatment device to be programmed with the set of therapy parameters and the far field configuration of the electrodes as an initial setting and also causing the atrial arrhythmia treatment device to be programmed with additional sets of therapy parameters and the far field configurations of the electrodes to be utilized by the atrial arrhythmia treatment device as part of a heuristic learning algorithm that dynamically modifies settings of the atrial arrhythmia treatment device in the patient.
 7. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c1) selectively excites the electrodes to create a plurality of different electric fields between the electrodes to deliver a rotating set of phased unpinning far field electrical fields.
 8. The method of claim 7, wherein the implantable therapy generator of step (a) includes at least one electrode positioned on a housing of the implantable therapy generator and step (c1) selectively excites the electrodes to create a plurality of different electric fields between the electrodes of the leads and the at least one electrode on the housing to deliver a rotating set of phased unpinning far field electrical fields.
 9. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c1) selectively excites the electrodes to create a plurality of virtual electrode polarizations as part of the phased unpinning far field electrical therapy.
 10. The method of claim 1, wherein step (c1) includes a set of therapy parameters and a far field electrode configuration that generates a rotating series of single, non-pacing, cardioverting shocks, each shock having an energy of between about 0.02 and 0.1 joules and being applied from a different combination of electrodes than a previous shock.
 11. An atrial arrhythmia treatment apparatus, comprising: an implantable therapy generator adapted to be implanted in a patient, including: means for detecting an atrial arrhythmia; means for generating a phased unpinning far field therapy having an energy level above a pacing pulse and below a pain threshold of the patient; and means for controlling delivery of the phased unpinning far field therapy in response to detection of the atrial arrhythmia; and at least two leads operably connected to the implantable therapy generator, each lead having at least two electrodes adapted to be positioned proximate an atrium of a heart of the patient through which the phased unpinning far field therapy is selectively delivered to the atrium of the heart.
 12. The apparatus of claim 11, wherein the implantable therapy generator is configured to selectively excite the electrodes to create a plurality of different electric fields between the electrodes and between the electrodes and the device to deliver a rotating set of phased unpinning far field electrical fields.
 13. A method of treating atrial arrhythmias, comprising (a) implanting an atrial arrhythmia treatment device in a patient during a surgical procedure, the device including an implantable therapy generator and at least two leads operably connected to the implantable therapy generator, each lead having at least two electrodes adapted to be positioned proximate the atrium of a heart of the patient; (b) configuring the atrial arrhythmia treatment device in the patient at a time after completion of the surgical procedure when the patient is fully conscious, including: (b1) causing the atrial arrhythmia treatment device to apply a phased unpinning far field therapy to the patient in response to detection of an atrial arrhythmia, the phased unpinning far field therapy having a set of therapy parameters and being delivered via a far field configuration of the electrodes; (b2) receiving from the patient an indication of pain sensation in response to the phased unpinning far field therapy; (b3) receiving an indication of effectiveness of treatment of the atrial arrhythmia in response to the phased unpinning far field therapy; (b4) in response to receiving the indication of pain sensation and the indication of effectiveness of treatment, adjusting at least one of the set of therapy parameters and the far field configuration of the electrodes and repeating steps (b1) to (b4) until a set of therapy parameters and a far field configuration of the electrodes have been determined that provide an effective treatment of the atrial arrhythmia for the patient at a pain sensation that is tolerable to the patient; and (b5) causing the atrial arrhythmia treatment device to be programmed with the set of therapy parameters and the far field configuration of the electrodes as determined from steps (b1)-(b4) to be used by the atrial arrhythmia treatment device in automatically treating an atrial arrhythmia detected by the atrial arrhythmia treatment device.
 14. The method of claim 13, wherein electrodes are positioned in a proximate portion of the coronary sinus, a distal portion of the coronary sinus, a portion of the right atrial appendage and a portion of the superior venae cavae.
 15. The method of claim 13, wherein the leads are implanted within the atrium of the heart without causing the leads to cross the tricuspid valve in the heart.
 16. The method of claim 13, step wherein the leads are implanted at positions determined at least in part based on previously known information regarding a location of an atrial arrhythmia in the patient.
 17. The method of claim 13, further comprising inducing the atrial arrhythmia in stp (b1).
 18. The method of claim 13, wherein step (b5) includes programming the atrial arrhythmia device with the set of therapy parameters and the far field configuration of the electrodes as an initial setting and also programming the atrial arrhythmia device with additional sets of therapy parameters and the far field configurations of the electrodes to be utilized by the atrial arrhythmia treatment device as part of a heurestic learning algorithm that dynamically modifies settings of the atrial arrhythmia treatment device in the patient.
 19. The method of claim 13, wherein step (b1) selectively excites the electrodes to create a plurality of different electric fields between the electrodes to deliver a rotating set of phased unpinning far field electrical fields.
 20. The method of claim 19, wherein the implantable therapy generator includes at least one electrode positioned on a housing of the implantable therapy generator and step (c1) selectively excites the electrodes to create a plurality of different electric fields between the electrodes of the leads and the at least one electrode on the housing to deliver a rotating set of phased unpinning far field electrical fields.
 21. The method of claim 13, wherein step (c1) selectively excites the electrodes to create a plurality of virtual electrode polarizations as part of the phased unpinning far field electrical therapy.
 22. The method of claim 13, wherein step (c1) includes a set of therapy parameters and a far field electrode configuration that generates a rotating series of single, non-pacing, cardioverting shocks, each shock having an energy of between about 0.02 and 0.1 joules and being applied from a different combination of electrodes than a previous shock.
 23. A method of treating atrial arrhythmias comprising: (a) providing an atrial arrhythmia treatment device including an implantable therapy generator and at least two leads operably connected to the implantable therapy generator, each lead having at least two electrodes adapted to be positioned proximate the atrium of a heart of the patient; (b) providing instructions for implanting the atrial arrhythmia treatment device in a patient during a surgical procedure; (c) providing instructions for configuring the atrial arrhythmia treatment device at a time after completion of the surgical procedure, including instructions for programming the atrial arrhythmia treatment device with a set of therapy parameters for delivering a phased unpinning far field therapy to a patient via a far field configuration of the electrodes upon detection of an atrial arrhythmia by the atrial arrhythmia treatment device, and wherein the device is programmed to selectively excite the electrodes to create a plurality of different electric fields between the electrodes to deliver a rotating set of phased unpinning far field electrical fields.
 24. The method of claim 23, wherein the phased unpinning far field therapy is delivered automatically by the atrial arrhythmia treatment device upon detection of an atrial arrhythmia.
 25. The method of claim 24, wherein step (c) includes causing the atrial arrhythmia treatment device to be programmed with the set of therapy parameters and he far field configuration of the electrodes as an initial setting and also causing the atrial arrhythmia treatment device to be programmed with additional sets of therapy parameters and the far field configurations of the electrodes to be utilized by the atrial arrhythmia treatment device as part of a heuristic learning algorithm that dynamically modifies settings of the atrial arrhythmia treatment device.
 26. The method of claim 23, wherein the phased unpinning far field therapy is delivered via manual activation of the atrial arrhythmia treatment device.
 27. The method of claim 23, wherein the phased unpinning far field therapy has an energy level above a pacing pulse and below a pain threshold of the patient.
 28. The method of claim 23, wherein the set of therapy parameters and the far field configuration of the electrodes programmed into the atrial arrhythmia treatment device is determined by, after the device is implanted at a time when the patient is fully conscious: (a) causing the atrial arrhythmia treatment device to apply a phased unpinning far field therapy to the patient in response to detection of an atrial arrhythmia, the phased unpinning far field therapy have an initial set of therapy parameters and being delivered via an initial far field configuration of the electrodes; (b) receiving from the patient an indication of pain sensation in response to the phased unpinning far field therapy; (c) receiving an indication of effectiveness of treatment of the atrial arrhythmia in response to the phased unpinning far field therapy; (d) in response to receiving the indication of pain sensation and the indication of effectiveness of treatment, adjusting at least one of the initial set of therapy parameters and the initial far field configuration of the electrodes and repeating steps (a) to (c) until a set of therapy parameters and a far field configuration of the electrodes have been determined that provide an effective treatment of the atrial arrhythmia for the patient at a pain sensation that is tolerable to the patient.
 29. A method for destabilization and termination of atrial arrhythmias, comprising: (a) detecting an atrial arrhythmia in a patient; (b) estimating a minimum cycle length of the arrhythmia; (c) detecting a ventricular R-wave; (d) delivering far field atrial electrical stimulation during one or more cycles of the arrhythmia synchronously with the detected R-wave; (e) determining a ventricular vulnerable period to inhibit induction of ventricular fibrillation by atrial shock; (f) determining an atrial excitation threshold by applying electrical shock through different implanted atrial defibrillation leads and subsequently sensing for atrial activation; (g) determining a pain threshold of the patient by a feedback circuit that uses information provided by the patient; (h) determining a ventricular far field exciation threshold by applying electrical shock through different implanted atrial defibrillation leads and subsequently sensing for ventricular activation; (i) delivering far field stimuli to the atrium by sequentially delivering several pulses at energies above the atrial excitation threshold, wherein the electrical current at each of the implanted leads is delivered at a rate less than the minimum cycle length of the arrhythmia; (j) determining whether arrhythmia termination is achieved and, if not, repeating step (i) with a higher amplitude of electrical current and/or a different lead configuration until the arrhythmia is terminated.
 30. The method of claim 29, further comprising delivering atrial pacing with a cycle length between 20% and 99% of the minimum cycle length of the arrhythmia.
 31. An implantable apparatus for delivering a phased far field unpinning therapy in accordance with the methods of claims 1-30. 